How Pad-Lock key works

 :Padlock-Key working Principle:

       Introduction:                                                                   Subscribe 😎

• The internal mechanisms of locks are generally made of brass or die-cast zinc.The cam,which is extend beyond for lock to secure it,is usually made of steel or stainless steel. The outer casing of a lock may be made of brass, chrome, steel, nickel or any other durable metal or alloy.

                               

       Types: 

• There are many types of locks are available in market,but mostly commonly used are padlocks,dead bolts,cam lock,lever,knob lock etc. 

      Description:

• When you open a lock with a key, do you ever think what's going on inside?Only the correct key will open the lock.Why is that?Each key has its own unique shape. The ridges/teeth on the key have to exactly match with with the lock for it to work. 

                         

Image source: Wikipedia

Padlock Key

• There are many types of lock. But the most common one is known as the Pin Tumbler Lock.The pin tumbler lock is a lock mechanism that incorporates pins varying in different lengths to precent the lock from being cracked. Pin tumbler locks are the most commonly used in cylinder locks, but can also be found in a tubular pin tumbler lock.Let me explain how this works.

           Figure 1

                                                                                              

• Refer figure 1,the outside part of the lock is called the case. The inside part of the lock is called the plug. This is the part that turns when the correct key is put in.The opening of the lock is called the key-way.

• Inside there are few more parts.There are several vertical shafts that go through the case and the plug.Each shaft has a spring,driver pin and a key pin.

                         

• The springs press all the pins down so they all rest on a ledge inside the lock. The pins meet at a different level for each shaft.For the plug to turn, the pins must line up with the sheer line.

                     

• Now if we enter the wrong key,the pins do not line up and the plug do not rotate.When we insert the correct key, everything lines up and the plug turns.So we have covered the case of one key and one lock.

                             

Correct vs. Incorrect  key

• Lets take another example.With reference to figure 2 assume that there is a building and there are different keys for different doors. But there is one extra key which can open all doors of the building.That key is known as the Master key.

                 

Figure 2

• With reference to figure 3 mentioned below,that master key to work,there must be an extra pin attached with the vertical shaft or driver pin inside the lock is called extra driver pin or master pin.Figure elaborate the same.Now the plug will turn if there is a key that raises the pin.

                    

Figure -3-Difference between master key and normal key

• So if one uses the normal key and the Master key,in both cases,the lock will open. Some master key have more than one extra driver pin or master pin installed in shaft. So in this way pin tumbler lock works.

• OK,lot to discuss regarding this,however many more journals,video,books    are available in market,you can go through it for detail study. I hope I  could explain to you in better-way.

                         

Basic working principle of Air-conditioning system and their major components

      :Basic Principle of Air-conditioning system:

• What is Air-conditioner?

• Air conditioning is the process of Conditioning and controlling the properties of air, for provide human comfort at the desired temperature of air should be 22°C to 26°C and humidity should be 40% to 60%. It means an air conditioner in a room works by collecting hot air from a given space, processing it to release cool air into the same space where the hot air had originally been collected.In a simple way that working condition and comfort for human being improve by Air-conditioner. Fundamental rule of any air-conditioning system is evaporator keep it more cool than room temperature and condenser keep it more hot than surrounding temperature.

• Ton of Refrigeration (TR) :

• This term is used to indicate the capacity of refrigeration & air-conditioning system and is equal to heat removal required to freeze one metric Tonne of water at 0 Deg C (32 Deg F) into ice in 24 hours,ie. heat removal rate of 

  * 2000 lb - weight of one metric tonne of water

          = ( 2000 lb) x (144 Btu/lb) / 24 hrs.

          = 12000 Btu/hr

          = 3024 kcal/hr 

          = 3.52 kilowatt(KW)

  * 144 Btu/lb - Latent heat of solidification of water at 32 Deg F 

    Please note that ton in ton of refrigeration should be spelled only as Ton.

• Unit of Heat : To measure the amount of heat called as heat unit termed as calorie in the metric system and "British Thermal unit (BTU) in the British (FPS)  system.

• Refrigeration Cycle :

• Air-conditioning system works on principle of refrigeration cycle,called in another name is "Vapour-compression system" We have discussed fundamental points of air-conditioning system,now we will discussed vapour compression cycle. 

                                       

Figure 1

• First of all understand the term Evaporation. Evaporation is the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas or vapour. We have taken example like that how cold your skin felt,when spread by liquid spirit at Doctor's clinic before an injection? It felt cold,because the spirit evaporated (changed from liquid state to vapour state) very rapidly and when it evaporated it's needed heat to change it's state. Where did this heat come from? It came from the liquid itself and your skin with which it was in contact. 

                                  

Refrigeration Cycle-Figure 2

• The main purpose of vapour compression cycle is to remove heat from the refrigerant by putting it into a stage of reuse.        

                                     

Image Source-Google

                            

Image Source-Google

                                        

      The various stages are mentioned below-

                   a) Compression

                   b) Condensation 

                   c) Expansion 

                   d) Evaporation

• Refrigerant :
• The Refrigerant is generally a gas which circulate through different stages to extract the heat from the substances. Various type of refrigerant used as air-conditioning system are R-22,R410A,R134,R-32 or any eco-friendly refrigerant.R-410A is better than R-22 and R-32 also most common used in industry.Nowadays Many leading manufacturers such as Daikin,Mitsubishi, Panasonic and Carrier are promoting R-32 refrigerant for their premium models.

                          

Refrigerant type R-410A

• Application of vapour compression refrigeration cycle :

• Vapour compression refrigeration cycle employed for following purposes-

1. Domestic refrigerator
2. Water cooler
3. Air-conditioner
4. Ice Plant
5. Cold Storage etc.       

• Types of air-conditioning system :

• There are many types of air-conditioning available in market.Such as-

1. Window Air-conditioning system
2. Split Air-conditioning system
3. Centralized Air-conditioning system
4. Package Air-conditioning system               

                   

Types of Air-conditioning system 1

Types of Air-conditioning system 2

• There is so much discussion regarding air-conditioning system,but most commonly used nowadays is split air conditioner in domestic purpose,such as office,home etc. Previously window AC used in many places,but now it does not used anymore,due to too much noisy and also window is blocked due to AC installation.Instead of window AC,split AC has come. But it has some limitation that split ac available in market upto 3Ton cooling capacity.

                         

Photo Courtesy Google image

• Major components of air-conditioning system :

• According to the type of installation,all air conditioners consist of four major components that are listed below-

     1. Evaporator: 

• It is also know as "Cooling coil".It is a type of heat exchanger coil which is responsible for collecting heat from inside a room through a refrigerant gas where the liquid refrigerant absorbs heat through a blower and evaporates to become gas at suction line of compressor,refer figure 1 & 2.On the other side liquid refrigerant is coming from the condenser is injected through a meeting device called capillary or expansion valve into the cooling coil which is comprises of bundle of tubes.Evaporator is part of a indoor unit of split air-conditioner.

                  

Evaporator coil-Indoor unit of Split AC

     2. Compressor: 

• As we already discussed the refrigerant gas travels from evaporator and enter into compressor,wherein compressed the gases takes place and lower temperature and pressure convert into high pressure and temperature. Said temperature will be more than atmospheric temperature,so that heat can be eject to atmosphere through fan. As we know under atmospheric temperature and pressure the refrigerant is in gaseous form and we have learn also when liquid evaporate to become gas.So change of state from gas to vapour form by raising its pressure and liquid refrigerant travels to condenser.Compressor is the part of a outdoor unit of split air-conditioner.Nowadays scroll type compressor used in air-conditioning system instead of reciprocating type. 

                           

  

  3. Condenser :

• Condenser coil also known as heating coil. The condenser receives the vaporized refrigerant from the compressor, converts it back to liquid and heat can be reject to outside through fan and refrigerant change state from vaporize gas to liquid. So convert into low temperature and high pressure liquid refrigerant. It’s also located on the outside unit of the split AC.

                    

Condenser Coil

4. Expansion Valve :

• After passing through condenser coil liquid refrigerant passing through Drier,wherein moisture can be absorbed through silica gel & filter refrigerant as indicated in figure 2. Then low temperature & high pressure refrigerant passing travel through expansion valve,wherein refrigerant transform into low pressure & low temperature and moving towards evaporator. Expansion valve also known as throttling device. In this way air condition cycle is continue and provide us air-conditioning.

                                   

Danfoss Expansion Valve

                                   

• If anyone ask you that what does it mean by air-conditioning system comfortable. You may say following bellow points for their better understanding-

             

• Generally best recommend for chosen copper tube in both side at condenser and evaporator for air conditioning system. Because cooper is a best heat transfer coefficient higher than aluminium alloy. So better heat transfer coefficient means better heat exchange. But cost wise copper is slightly higher than aluminium.
• We discussed a lot about Air-conditioning system,furthermore many books are available in market for detail study.

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PM Narendra Modi Announces Rs. 20 Lakh Crore Packages

:PM Narendra Modi Announces Rs. 20 Lakh Crore Packages:

Introduction:

• Prime Minister Narendra Modi has announced that a “new lockdown” will continue beyond the end of the current phase on 17 May,but that the government will provide a massive special economic package to revive the economy that has been battered by the Covid-19 pandemic.This special announcement comes on 12th May,2020 evening.The total cost of the package will be Rs 20 lakh crore i.e. almost 10 % of total Indian GDP.The PM said it would be named ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan’.

Media/Channel agencies:

• That is why the some local & foreign media has been published the matter in their newspaper.Some sample copy mentioned in below-

The Economics Times

The Newyork Times

The Print

Facts:

• It is aggressive stimulus package in Indian economy compared to rest of the world for revive in this particular pandemic condition.Also our PM talks about land,labour,liquidity & law.   

 What is GDP: 

• The full form of GDP IS "Gross domestic product". In simple way the Gross Domestic Product measures the value of economic activity within a country. Strictly defined, GDP is the sum of the market values, or prices, of all final goods and services produced in an economy during a period of time. Suppose in 2019 we have produce many things in our factory,sample like toothpaste to soap etc.The total value of those things is called GDP.

• If GDP is rising, the economy is in good shape, and the nation is moving forward. If GDP is falling, the economy is in trouble.

 GDP ranking in India :

• Generally in world we have considered GDP report based on three organization/agencies as mention below-

1. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
2. World Bank
3. United Nation

• However based on acceptability of modern world we have generally go on based on report provided IMF organization. Data from the IMF shows India has risen to become the world’s fifth largest economy.                                   

                        

Picture shows that in last year India have 2,93 trillion US dollar,overtook renowned country like UK,France,Italy.If we are convert this trillion US Dollar into Indian rupee,it will come around 200 lakh crore. Now all of you understood that why it is called 10% of GDP. Because of that we call it bold step taken by Indian government. 

Also one article was published in "World economy forum", on Dated 19th February,2020 that India got 5th place in GDP ranking in world economy.

  

World Economy Forum

     Analysis of 20 lakh crore package distribution :

• The Rs. 20 lakh crore package includes mention in below-

1.  Rs 1.7 lakh crores for free food grains to poor,cash to women & elderly relief announced in March,2020 under PM Garib Kalyan Yojana.
2. Reserve bank liquidity measures & interest rate cuts around Rs.6.5 lakh crore. Recently RBI has given a liquidity on March,2020. Liquidity means provide more loan in cheaper rate to our industry,corporate sector. So that they can expense more and demand can increase. As you know RBI given also Rs.50000 to mutual fund. So in totality RBI given Rs. 6.5 lakh crore to boost economy. Hence the total amount will be around Rs. 8 lakh crore considering amount of Rs. 1.7 crore. So Government already announce 4% of Total GDP. Remaining 6% of GDP announce recently,i.e. almost Rs. 12 lakh crore.

        From where money will be originate :

• As you know it is a huge amount and everyone have quarries that from where money will comes from. As you know friends that Indian government already loss Rs.4 lakh crore revenue due to 2 months lockdown. It is not possible to say how long lockdown will last,can't predict.
• Government did announcement rupees 2.1 lakh crore earning through disinvestment,example like LIC IPO etc. Hence it won't come through this.

• So government decided to borrow Rupees 12 lakh crore in the financial year 2020-2021. Government may follow two steps either through "Bond" or "Monetization of Deficit". Monetized deficit is when government prints money in order to pay its deficits.But the government has not yet said anything,so we won't consider it now. Most probably borrow from bank or RBI.The government will do it in the coming days.      
• Indian finance Minister Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman already held a press conference in-front of media on 13 th May,2020 related to detail discussion of the same.  

    Where money will be Utilized :

• Moreover government focus on mainly four things,such as  land,labour,liquidity & laws. 
• Land is very much important now a days. As you know many outside companies are going to invest in India.Proper land acquire with associate facilities is very much important.
• Give additional facility,benefits to labour.
• As you know the fact of liquidity benefits provided by RBI for increasing in demand.
• Much more deduction in laws for boosting
• More over it will cater to various section in MSME (Ministry of Micro, Small  and Medium Enterprises) sector ,labour,middle class,cottage industries. As all of know "Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan" in English "Self-reliant India campaign" already been started as per clearly indication given by honorable PM.

   Debt to GDP ration amongst all popular country :  

• International Monetary Fund released data long time back the Debt to GDP ratio to make international comparisons of the public debt burden.

     

Debt to GDP ratio

• Now if the government will borrowing,the debt to GDP ratio will increase.Obviously it will happen in future. Accordingly GDP growth rating will be deteriorate. 

• Also note that Moody's also forecast GDP growth rate will be zero in financial year 2021.   

             

Business line,*th May,2020

• Also Moody's forecast GDP growth will be bounce back to 6.6 percentage in the financial year of 2021-2022.  

      "Hopefully I have been able to explain to you as much as possible"

                                     Thanks

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INDIA AND CHINA FIERCE FACE-OFF NEAR NAKU LA PASS OF SIKKIM

       :India and China Fierce face-off near Naku La Pass of Sikkim:

• Introduction:

• Several Indian and Chinese soldiers have been injured in a cross-border clash involving fistfights. Indian and Chinese soldiers have exchanged physical blows in a clash in shared border near Naku La sector in the border state of Sikkim Sino-India border,which took place on Saturday, Dated 9^th May,2020. Seven Chinese and four Indian troops were injured at this time.

• Media/Channel agencies:

• That is why the some local & foreign media is following the issue.Some sample mentioned in below-

Indian Express,Dated 14th May,2020

BBC NEWS,DATED 10th May,2020

     

THE NEW YORK TIMES,DATED 10th May,2020

          Facts:

• The two countries have competing claims over their shared 3,400 kilometre (2,100 mile) border. It is heard that both countries soldiers were involve chest-bumping, pushing and shoving, and throwing stones at each other.Total 150 soldiers were involved in that particular face off. 

• The latest tense face-off took place near the Naku La sector in Sikkim,more than 5,000 metres (16,400ft) above sea level in the Himalayas.

GOOGLE MAP: NAKU LA PASS,SIKKIM

• Indian Soldier has been on duty here for a long time with their devotion being patriotism.But after repeatedly Chinese soldiers entering the Indian border.Soldiers in China say it's their place.Then the Indian Soldiers brought them back to their previous place.

       The incident that happened in 1967:

• There is another place called Nathu La pass near Sikkim-China border.So do not confused with Naku La.Nathu La pass situated in east Sikkim.Those who want to go Kailash Mansarovar,they will follow the route through Nathu La pass. It is a very famous place known for clashes between India and China on dated 11th September,1967. 

Picture Source Google

• According to report 88 killed and 163 injured on the Indian side,while 340 killed and 450 injured on the Chinese side and the conflict ended with the defeat of China,India won the battle.

Source Wikipedia

• Relevant book also been released on year 2020, "Watershed 1967" written by Probal Dasgupta.

Book published on year 2020

For What purpose :

• It is not clear that why China is doing this several times.They have done it earlier on 2017 at Doklam,Indo-china border.In that pandemic situation & international pressure on china,then why China repeat the same,can't recognize.Recently Chinese ship encroach Japanese territory.

SOURCE: THE JAPAN-TIMES NEWSPAPER

• This event happened on 8th May,2020 in Japan.Then on the next day on 9th May,2020 Chinese soldier trying to enter the Indian territory.

                    Poor Diplomacy : 

• It is showing that weak diplomacy going on both country of India and japan.There is a group called Quad,which consist of 4 countries,such as US,Australia,India and Japan.The quad group seen only two members being critical of China over pandemic disease COVID 19.US and Australia always blaming to China for COVID-19,but India and Japan have been quite on the issue. That's why China want to take advantage of their weakness.But our Indian soldiers also shown their capabilities.
• Indian Govt should also not be quite on COVID-19 issue along with other Quad member.Time has come for Indian diplomacy showing them our potentiality.

       

                                                                            END

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